Olympiades ENSAE - 1er S 2025

  • Posted on: 8 May 2025
  • By: sbana

Exercice 1

Cet exercice est composé de parties $A$, $B$ et $C$  dans une large mesure indépendantes.
 
Partie A :

On définit par $A$ l'ensemble des fonctions $f\ :\  [0\;,1]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ vérifiant les conditions suivantes :

$\bullet\ $Pour tous réels $\alpha$ et $\beta\in[0\;,1]/\alpha <\beta$ si $f(\alpha)\times f(\beta)\leq 0$ alors il existe au moins $\overline{x}]\alpha\;,\beta[$ tel que $f\left(\overline{x}\right)=0$

$\bullet\ f(x)=f(1)=0$

$\bullet\ $Pour tout $x$ réel de l'intervalle $\left[0\;,\dfrac{7}{10}\right]\;,f\left(x+\dfrac{3}{10}\right)\neq f(x)$

Soit $f$ un élément de $A.$

On définit une fonction $h\ :\ \left[0\;,\dfrac{7}{10}\right]\rightarrow\;,\mathbb{R}$ donnée par : $h(x)=f\left(x+\dfrac{3}{10}\right)-f(x)$, pour tout $x\left[0\;,\dfrac{7}{10}\right]$

On suppose que h vérifie la condition $(1)$
 
$(1)$ Montrer que $h(x)$ est de signe constant sur $[0\;,\dfrac{7}{10}]$

$(2)$ Démontrer que l'équation $f(x)=0$ admet au moins sept solutions sur $[0\;,\dfrac{7}{10}]$
 
Partie B :

Les martiens sont les habitants, en nombre éventuellement infini, de la planète Mars.

Vis à vis d'eux-mêmes et de leurs semblables, les martiens sont capables de ressentir deux types d'émotions, qu'ils appellent amour et respect.

Il a été observé que :  

$\bullet\ $Chaque martien aime un et un seul martien, et respecte un et un seul martien.
 
$\bullet\ $Si $A$ aime $B$, alors tout martien qui respecte $A$ aime également $B$
 
$\bullet\ $ Si $A$ respecte $B$, alors tout martien qui aime $A$ respecte également $B.$
 
$\bullet\ $Chaque martien est aimé d'au moins un martien.  

On se propose de vérifier s'il est vrai que chaque martien respecte le martien qu'il aime.
 
Pour chaque martien $x$ , on désigne respectivement par $f(x)$ et $g(x)$ les martiens aimés et respectés par $x$

$(1)$ Montrer que les fonctions $f$ et $g$ sont bien définies de l'ensemble $X$ des martiens sur lui-même.
 
$(2)$ Montrer que $f[g(x)]=f(x)$ et $g[f(x)]=g(x)$ pour tout $x$ dans $X$
 
$(3)$ Montrer finalement que, pour tout $x$, on a $f(x)=g(x)=x$
 
$(4)$ Conclure !

Partie C :

Soit $n\in\mathbb{N}^{\ast}$, $m_{1}$, $m_{2}$, $\ldots$, $m_{n}$ des réels et $\mathrm{e}_{1}$, $\mathrm{e}_{2}$, $\ldots$, $\mathrm{e}_{n}$

des réels strictement, positifs on a :
$$\begin{array}{rcl}\dfrac{m_{1}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}_{1}}+\dfrac{m_{2}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}_{2}}+\ldots+\dfrac{m_{n}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}_{2}}\geq\dfrac{\left(m_{1}+m_{2}+\ldots+m_{n}\right)^{2}}{\mathrm{e}_{1}+\mathrm{2}+\ldots+\mathrm{e}_{n}}\end{array}$$

Cette inégalité est connue sous le nom de l'inégalité des Mauvais Élèves $(IME)$
En appliquant l'$IME$, montrer que :

$(1)$ Si $a_{1}$, $a_{2}$, $\ldots$, $a_{n}$ sont $n$ réels strictement positifs alors :

$\dfrac{1}{a_{1}}+\dfrac{1}{a_{2}}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{a_{n}}\geq\dfrac{n^{2}}{a_{1}+a_{2}+\ldots+a_{n}}$
 
$(2)$ Si $a$, $b$ et $c$ sont $3$ réels strictement positifs alors :

$\dfrac{a}{a+2c}+\dfrac{b}{b+2a}+\dfrac{c}{c+2b}\geq 1$

$(3)$ Si $x$, $y$ et $z$ sont réels strictement positifs tels que : $\dfrac{1}{x+1}+\dfrac{1}{y+1}+\dfrac{1}{z+1}=1$ alors $xyz\geq 8$

On considère la figure suivante où $ABMN$ et $ARSC$ sont des carrés construits à partir du triangle $ABC$

On construit en outre le parallélogramme $ANA'R$

1. a. Démontrer que $\left(AA'\right)$ est une hauteur du triangle $ABC$

b. Démontrer que $AA'=BC$

2. On considère les parallélogramme $NARA'$, $QBMB'$ et $SCPC'$

Justifier que $\left(AA'\right)$, $\left(BB'\right)$ et $\left(CC'\right)$ sont concourantes.

b. Démontrer que dans un triangle $ABC$, si $M$ désigne le milieu de $[BC]$ alors : $AB^{2}+ac^{2}=2\left(BM^{2}+AM^{2}\right)$ (Théorème d'Apollonius).

c. En déduire que $NR^{2}+QM^{2}+SP^{2}=3\left(AB^{2}+AC^{2}+BC^{2}\right)$

Exercice 3

$\mathbb{R}$ désigne l'ensemble des nombres réels.

Dans ce problème, on cherche à déterminer les applications $f$ définies sur $]0\ ;\ +\infty[$ et à valeurs dans $]0\ ;\ +\infty[$  vérifiant les deux propriétés suivantes :

$\bullet\ $pour tous nombres réels strictement positifs $x$ et $y$, $f[xf(y)]=yf(x)$ ;
 
$\bullet\ f$ est bornée sur $[1\ ;\ +\infty[$ il existe un nombre réel $A$ tel que pour tout nombre réel $x\geq 1$, $f|f(x)|\leq A$

Partie I

Soit $I$ un intervalle de $\mathbb{R}$ et soit $h$ une application définie sur $I$ et à valeurs dans $I$

On dit que est $h$ une involution de $I$ si pour tout nombre réel $x$ dans $I\;,h[h(x)]=x$

1. Donner un exemple d'involution de $\mathbb{R}$ dans R autre que l'identité.

2. Donner un exemple d'involution de $]0\ ;\ +\infty[$ dans $]0\ ;\ +\infty[$ autre que l'identité.   

3. Montrer qu'une involution de $I$ dans $I$ est bijective.

Partie II

Soit $f$ une fonction vérifiant les deux conditions citées au début de l'énoncé.
 
1. Soit deux nombres réels $y_{1}$, $y_{2}$ strictement positifs tels que $f\left(y_{1}\right)=f\left(y_{2}\right).$

Montrer que $y_{1}f(1)=y_{2}f(1)$

2. Montrer que $f$ est injective.
 
3. Montrer que $f[f(1)]=f(1)$ puis $f(1)$ puis que $f(1)=1$
 
4. Montrer que $f$ est une involution de $]0\ ;\ +\infty[$

5. Soient $a$ et $b$ deux réels strictement positifs.

Montrer que $f(ab)=ff(a)f(b)$

Indication : on pourra poser $b=f(y)$

Partie III

On note $F$ l'ensemble des points fixes de $f$ : $F=\lbrace x\in]0\ ;\`+\infty\left[/f(x)=x\right\rbrace$
 
1) Montrer que pour tout $x\in]0\ ;\ +\infty[\;,xf(x)$ est un élément de  $F.$

2. Montrer que $1$ est un élément de $F.$
 
3. Montrer que si $x$ et $y$ sont des éléments de $F$, alors $xy$ et $\dfrac{x}{y}$
 sont également des éléments de $F.$
 
4. Montrer que si $x$ est un élément de $F$, alors pour tout entier naturel $n$, $xn$ est un élément de $F$

5. Montrer que si $x$ est un élément de $F$, alors $x=1$

Indication : on pourra considérer l'application : $\mathbb{N}\rightarrow \mathbb{N}$ définie par $x_{n}x^{n}$

6. Montrer que $F=\lbrace 1\rbrace$
 
7. En déduire $f.$
 
8. Donner enfin toutes les applications répondant au problème posé.

 

 

Niveau: 
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The Great Lakes have the most shipwrecks per square mile among all bodies of water in the world, largely due to the high shipping traffic in the 19th century and the lake’s volatile weather. Researchers know about the wrecks because reporting any commercial ship that sails on the lakes is required; from the early 19th century to the 20th century, about 40,000 ships sailed the Great Lakes, Baillod said.

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Related article
The wreckage of the Mary Rose at The Mary Rose Museum in Portsmouth, England.
A Tudor warship sank nearly 500 years ago. The bones of its crew reveal what life was like

And then there are advancements in technology. “Side-scan sonar used to cost $100,000 back in 1980,” he said. “The one we used to find this (shipwreck) was just over $10,000. They’ve really come down in price.”

The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, has a project in the works to map the bottom of the Great Lakes in high resolution by 2030. If the organization succeeds, all shipwrecks will be found, Baillod said.

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